WPCc  
      2      B    /   P    Z             Courier 10cpi Courier 10cpi Courier 10cpi Bold Courier  5cpi X@IBM 4019 LaserPrinter                IB401LAS.PRS x 
   @   ,,,,0kSX@ USUK  2       >  !   N       #     #| x          Courier 10cpi Courier 10cpi Bold     IB40LAHP.PRS x 
   @   tt09X@ USUK Courier 10cpi  Courier 10cpi Bold   2      X  	  9   o  '          a  6 2 x x x     Xx 
   @ 8; X@t 2 x x x    w
Xx 
   ` w; X|  2     !  XX 
   @ 9; X@      IB40LAHP.PRS x 
   @   tt09X@ USUK  2        2     @                              Pg.                          @ 
    
                             TABLE OF CONTENTS      

   2             HEADING                               PAGE NUMBER 
   1.   Table of Contents                             1 
   2.   Table of Illustrations                        2
   3.   Introduction                                  3
   4.   Body of work                                 4 to 8
   5.   Conclusion                                    9
   6.   Illustrations                               10 to 12
   7.   Bibliography                                  13
   8.   Glossary                                    14 to 16
   9.   Index                                       17 to 19      
  
    <         0*((@@     2                ,P
            TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS     

   2 X            HEADING                               PAGE NUMBER 
   1.   Inside the Head                               10 
   2.   Inside the Brain                              11
   3.   Areas and Jobs                                12  
             0*((@@     2                              INTRODUCTION            

NOTE:  All words in bold print will be found in the glossary.

 The human body is divided into many different parts called
   2  organs.  All of the parts are controlled by an organ called the
   2  brain, which is located in the head.  The brain weighs about 2.75
pounds, and has a whitishpink appearance.  The brain is made up of
   2 `	 many cells, and is the control centre of the body.  The brain
flashes messages out to all the other parts of the body.  The
   2  messages travel in very fine threads called nerves.  The nerves and
the brain make up a system somewhat like telephone poles carrying
   2  wires across the city.  This is called the nervous system.

 The nerves in the body don't just send messages from the brain
to the organs, but also send messages from the eyes, ears, skin and
other organs back to your brain.  Some nerves are linked directly
to the brain.  Others have to reach the brain through a sort of
   2  power line down the back, called the spinal cord.  The brain and
   2 D spinal cord make up the central nervous system.

 The brain doesn't just control your organs, but also can think
   2  and remember.  That part of the brain is called the mind.
            0*((@@  
   2 ,                        PROTECTING THE BRAIN   
   


   2   Twentyeight bones make up the skull.  Eight of these bones
   2  are interlocking plates.  These plates form the cranium.  The
cranium provides maximum protection with minimum weight, the ideal
combination.  The other twenty bones make up the face, jaw and
   2 
 other parts of the skull. 

 Another way the brain keeps it self safe is by keeping itself
in liquid.  Nearly one fifth of the blood pumped by the heart is
sent to the brain.  The brain then sends the blood through an
intricate network of blood vessels to where the blood is needed. 
   2  Specialized blood vessels called choroid plexuses produce a
   2  protective cerebrospinal fluid.  This fluid is what the brain
literally floats in. 
 
 A third protective measure taken by the brain is called the
   2 p blood brain barrier.  This barrier consists of a network of unique
   2  capillaries.  These capillaries are filters for harmful chemicals
   2  carried by the blood, but do allow oxygen, water and glucose to
enter the brain.


   2 x  THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF 
   2  & THE BRAINă


 The brain is divided into three main sections.  The area at
the front of the brain is the largest.  Most of it is known as the
   2 % cerebrum.  It controls all of the movements that you have to think
about, thought and memory. The cerebrum is split in two different
sections, the right half and the left half.     '        0*((@@  Ԍ   2    ԙ The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the cortex.  It is 


   2  mainly made up of cell bodies of neurons called grey matter.  Most 
of the work the brain does is done in the cortex.  It is very
wrinkled and has many folds.  The wrinkles and folds give the
cortex a large surface area, even though it is squeezed up to fit
in the skull.  

 The extra surface area gives the cerebrum more area to work. 
Inside the cortex, the cerebrum is largely made up of white matter. 
   2  White matter is tissue made only of nerve fibres.  

 The middle region is deep inside the brain.  It's chief
purpose is to connect the front and the back of the brain together. 
It acts as a "switchboard", keeping the parts of your brain in
touch with each other.  

 The back area of the brain is divided into three different
   2 D parts.  The pons is a band of nerve fibres which link the back of
   2 p the brain to the middle.  The cerebellum sees to it that all the
parts of your body work as a team.  It also makes sure you keep
your balance.  

   2    The medulla is low down at the back of your head.  It links
the brain to the top of the spinal cord.  The medulla controls the
way your heart pumps blood through your body.  It also looks after
your breathing and helps you digest food. 

   2 !  `	`	  THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE
   2 (# ( BRAINă

THE BRAINSTEM:
   2 &  The brainstem is one of the oldest parts of the brain.   It
controls such functions as breathing, blood pressure, swallowing   '        0*((@@  and heart rate.  


THE HYPOTHALMUS:

 This part of the brain is located directly above the brain
   2  stem.  The hypothalmus controls basic drives like hunger and sex
and as well as our response to threat and danger.  The hypothalmus
   2 `	 also controls the pituitary.


THE PITUITARY:

   2 <  The pituitary produces hormones such as testosterone that
circulate through out the body.    


THE THALAMUS: 

   2 D  The thalamus is like a relay area; it receives messages from
lower brain areas such as the brainstem and hypothalmus and sends
them to the two brain hemispheres.  The thalamus is located in
between above the lower brain and under the two hemispheres.


THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN:

 Most of the above mentioned parts of the brain were produced
early in evolution but the higher mammals especially humans went on
to produce a sort of "thinking cap" on top of these parts.  This
"thinking cap" was divided into two different parts, the left
   2 T$ hemisphere and the right hemisphere. 

 If the left side of your brain is more developed like most
people's are, you are right handed.  On the other hand if the right   '        0*((@@  side of your brain is more developed, then you will be left handed. 
The right side of your brain is more artistic and emotional while 
the left side of your brain is your "common sense" and practical
   2  side, such as figuring out math and logic problems. xxA    F 

THE CEREBELLUM:

 One of the most important part of the Human brain is the
cerebellum.  The cerebellum is involved with the more complex
functions of the brain and sometimes is even referred to as "the
brain within the brain".   The cerebellum acts as a control and
coordination centre for movement.  

 The cerebellum carries small "programs" that have been
previously learned.  For example, how to write, move, run and jump
are all previously learned activities that the brain recorded and
can playback when needed.  Every time you practice, the brain
rewrites the program and makes it better.

 You may have heard the saying "practice makes perfect".  Well
this saying is not entirely true; another way of "practising" is
just to imagine what you wish to do.  Since the cerebellum can't
actually feel, it will think that you are doing what your imagining
and respond by rewriting it's previous program and carrying out any
other actions needed for that function.  This is one why to explain
wet dreams.


THE CEREBRAL CORTEX:

   2 (#  The cerebral cortex makes up the top of the two hemispheres of
the brain.  The cortex is a sheet of greyish matter which produces
our thoughts, language and plans.  It also controls our sensations
and voluntary movements, stores our memories and gives us the
ability to imagine, in short it's what makes humans, humans.    '        0*((@@  Ԍ   2    ԙ
$ IN THE FUTUREă

 Today many experiments are being conducted that may be break
   2  through's for the future.  For instance "brain grafting" is one
procedure that may be used in the future.  Brain grafting is to
   2  transplant a very thin layer of brain skin from one person to
   2  another.  This would result in control of parkinson's disease and
   2 4 other seizure related diseases.

 Another radical idea that has already been successfully been
tried on rhesus monkey's is, brain transplants.  The ethics and
legal problems for such a transplant would probably never let this
operation be performed on humans.  This is because the person would
not be the same, would not have the same memories or the same
abilities that the host body had had. 

 The last idea of the future that we will list is called
   2  "artificial hearing and seeing".  Artificial seeing is achieved by
   2  planting sixtyfour small electrodes in front of the visual cortex
of the brain.  The electrodes are connected to a small camera that
is some where on the person's ear.  A computer is attached to the
camera.  The computer sends the images from the camera directly to
the implanted electrodes.  They flash as the picture from the
camera, thus enabling the person to somewhat see.  

   2 L  Artificial hearing is much more complicated then artificial
seeing.  First a electrodes must be planted in the brain.  Then
through a microphone a computer produces electrical pulses that are
then sent to the electrodes in the brain.    

 But as of yet these procedures are not practical first because
of the size of the computer, it cannot be taken out of the
laboratory second the cost of the package and third the risks
involved.
   '         0*((@@  Ԍ
   2 , <% CONCLUSIONă

 After all of the work and research that we have done it is
very evident to us that the brain is one of the most wondrous
organs that humans could have.  It guides us through almost every
second of our life.  Even after exploring vast and distant sky's to
the microorganisms that exist today, the brain has never ceased to
amaze us and probably never will.   `		        0*((@@       
         0*((@@                0*((@@                0*((@@     2    L$ BIBLIOGRAPHYă

1. The Brain and Nervous System by Lambert, Mark 
copyright Macmillan Education, 1988

2. The Brain and Nervous System by Parker, Steve
copyright Franklin Watts, 1990

3. Encyclopedia Britannica by Britannica, Encyclopedia Inc.
copyright Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 1986

4. The Incredible Machine by Geographic, National Society
copyright Geographic, National Society, 1992
   <
         0*((@@  
   2 ,   ,& GLOSSARYă
artificial hearing:  When a person is able to hear but not
naturally.

artificial seeing:  When a person is able to see but not naturally.

blood brain barrier:  A set of special capillaries that are only
found in brain.  There purpose is to filter the blood so only
oxygen, glucose and water are able to enter the brain. 
Unfortuantly they don't prevent narcotics from entering the brain.

brain:  An organ that is pinkishwhite in appearance and is located
in the skull.  This organ controls almost everything that the body
does.  

brain grafting:  Brain grafting is the process of taking a thin
layer of brain skin from the donor and moving to new host.
 
brainstem:  This is what the brain had used to be early evolution,
but now it only controls our basic functions such as breathing and
heart rate.

capillaries:  Tiny blood vessels.

cells:  What all living thing are built from.

central nervous system:  This the brain and spinal cord put
together.  Also see:  brain, spinal cord.

cerebellum:  This part of the brain makes sure that all of your
body works together.  It also keeps your balance.

cerebral cortex:  This is one of the most important parts of the
brain.  It also is produces our thoughts, stores our memories, and   '        0*((@@  plans.

cerebrospinal fluid:  This what the brain floats in.

cerebrum:  The cerebrum is split in to two different sides.  Left
and right.  It is located at the front of the head.

choroid plexuses:  These special blood vessels are what produce the
cerebrospinal fluid.

cortex:  This is the outer layer of the cerebrum.

cranium:  This is the part of the skull that holds the brain.
 
diseases:  Illnesses that can be terminal.

electrodes:  They are made out metal and emit electricity, usually 
very little.

glucose: This is a combination of sugar and water.

grey matter:  Mainly made from the cell bodies of neurons.

hemisphere:  These are the two different part of the cerebrum. 
Almost all of the brain's work is done there.

hormones:  Chemicals that can change the chemical make up of your
physical body.

hypothalmus:  This part of the brain is located above the
brainstem.  It controls basic drives such as hunger and sex.

medulla:  The medulla is almost right behind the brainstem.  It
helps you to digest your food.
   '         0*((@@  Ԍmind:  Not just the brain but the actual consciousness that we
have.

nerves:  Pathways that the brain uses to send messages to and from
different parts of the body.

nervous system:  The whole system of nerves that attach to the
spinal cord.

organs:  Important part of the body.  The brain, heart and lungs
are examples of organs.

Parkinson's Disease:  This disease causes the victim to have
seizures.

pituitary:  The pituitary produces hormones.

pons:  A band of nerve fibre that connect the back the brain to the
middle. 

skull:  The skull is made up of twentyeight bones.  It is located
above the spinal cord.  It also contains the brain.

spinal cord:  This cord goes down your back.  Almost all nerves in
the body are connected to the spinal cord.

thalamus:  The thalamus a sort of relay room.  It gets messages
from the lower brain area and sends them to the higher brain.  

transplant:  To transplant is to take something from one person and
put it into another person.

white matter:  White matter is tissue made from nerve fibres.

    '         0*((@@  Ԍ   2    ( INDEXă
   2 , NOTE:  For the Index, the introduction is the 1st page.           
                        
 artificial seeing       6                 
                                  
 artificial hearing      7                  
                                    
 balance                 3                            
                                    
 blood brain barrier     2                
                                    
 blood                   2,3                           

 ..harmful chemicals 2               
                                    
 blood pressure          3                    
                                    
 blood vessels           2                    
                                    
 brain                   1,2,3,4,5,6,7                 

 ..hemispheres       4                     
 ..transplants       6                     
 ..grafting          6                       
 ..protecting        2                      
 ..section           2                         
 ..front             2,3                         
 ..middle            2,3                        
 ..back              2,3                          
                                    
 brainstem               3,4                       
                                    
 breathing               3                         
                                    
 capillaries             2                          '         0*((@@  Ԍ                                    
 cells                   1                             
                                    
 central nervous system  1            
                                    
 cerebellum              3,5                      
                                    
 cerebral cortex         5                   
                                    
 cerebrospinal fluid     2               
                                    
 cerebrum                2,3                        
                                    
 choroid plexus          2                    
                                    
 cortex                  2,3,6                        
                                    
 cranium                 2                           
                                    
 digesting food          3                    
                                    
 electrodes              6                        
                                    
 glucose                 2                           
                                    
 grey matter             2                       
                                    
 heart                   3                             
                                    
 hormones                4

 hunger                  4

 hypothalamus            4
   '         0*((@@  Ԍ medulla                 3

 memory                  2

 mind                    1

 nerves                  1,3

 nervous system          1

 neurons                 2

 organs                  1

 oxygen                  2

 parkinson's disease     6

 pituitary               4

 pons                    3

 sex                     4

 skull                   2,3

 spinal cord             1,3

 thalamus                4

 water                   2

 white matter            3
